Historical Craft Reform Movements

Movements and schools that argued for hand craft against industrial manufacture, or built a lasting studio tradition around that argument, in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, following the strand division craft-history surveys draw between historical reform movements and later contemporary or lifestyle strands. Belongs here: the Arts and Crafts movement, mingei, studio craft and studio pottery as a tradition, and folk art as the vernacular reform movements drew on. Does not belong here: a present-day maker-culture or sustainability movement, grouped separately below.